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Colombia : Juristas, Sociedad, Independencia y Estado en la Nueva Granada, 1790-1830
Victor M. Uribe-Uran
Este capítulo dedica especial atención a los juristas neogranadinos de finales de la era colonial y su participación en el movimiento de la independencia, así como sus contribuciones al proceso de formación del Estado republicano en la Nueva Granada. El ensayo comienza con un análisis de las relaciones entre los juristas, el Estado y la sociedad coloniales, algo indispensable para entender la etapa postcolonial; examina luego su papel en el movimiento de la independencia, y al final se ocupa brevemente de su participación activa en la formación del Estado republicano que surgió de la independencia. En su conjunto, enfatiza elementos de la historia social, política y cultural del período y sostiene que los juristas fueron entre 1809 y 1821 un grupo de gran significación estratégica para la promoción de acciones colectivas en pro del co-gobierno, la autonomía y la eventual independencia del virreinato. Los juristas se movilizaron durante la independencia y ellos o sus familias sufrieron en carne propia la represión resultante de la «reconquista» española a mediados de la década de 1810. Al triunfar la revolución, vinieron a ser uno de los sectores ocupacionales más estratégicos para el desarrollo de una nueva institucionalidad, esto es, la legislación y el aparato de gobierno que sirvieron de sostén al Estado republicano. El papel central de las juristas en las tres momentos bajo estudio se debió a las grupos familiares y redes sociales a que pertenecieron, su larga vinculación a actividades en la burocracia real y su tradicional intervención en el manejo de las gobiernos locales (cabildos o ayuntamientos). También fue el resultado de su formación intelectual, especialmente su creciente familiaridad con disciplinas modernizantes coma la economía política, el derecho público y de gentes, y las llamadas «ciencia administrativa» y «ciencia de la legislación». Además de haber sido un sector fundamental para la estructuración de la nueva legalidad e institucionalidad republicanas, esto es, para el impulso del proceso de formación del Estado postcolonial entre 1821 y mediados del siglo XIX, las abogados neogranadinos fueron participes activos en el manejo del mismo y en las luchas políticas y militares que se libraron para ganar su control.
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La Constitución de Cádiz en la Nueva Granada, Teoría y Realidad, 1812-1821
Victor M. Uribe-Uran
En este trabajo se discute el impacto de la Constitución de Cádiz de 1812 en la Nueva Granada. En este caso particular, igual a lo que sucedió en Venezuela, hubo provincias que se comportaron a la manera de los realistas y, por lo tanto, juraron la Constitución de 1812 en los meses finales de dicho año y durante 1813. Hasta donde puede suponerse y documentarse por ahora, allí se pusieron en práctica, al menos brevemente, varias de las instituciones previstas en la Constitución, en particular las ayuntamientos constitucionales y los procesos electorales ligados a ellos. Sobre la formación de Diputaciones Provinciales la evidencia es más limitada. También quedó la puerta abierta en aquellas regiones baluartes del realismo para que quienes podían beneficiarse de ello, en especial los afrodescendientes realistas, libres y con méritos suficientes, solicitaran cartas de ciudadanía en la madre patria, tratando así de ganar pertenencia en la comunidad política moderna que el documento de Cádiz intentó gestar. Hay evidencia fragmentaria de que algunos de tales reclamos se verificaron. Igualmente, las comunidades indígenas de tales regiones tuvieron la posibilidad de reclamar, conforme a la Constitución, la eliminación del servicio personal, contribuciones varias y el tributo indígena y, a juzgar par las experiencias de las provincias de Pasto y Santa Marta, parecen haberlo hecho en forma enérgica. Hubo, sin embargo, otras provincias neogranadinas que, al igual que el Río de la Plata y Chile, se rehusaron a participar del experimento constitucional de Cádiz y, por el contrario, lanzaron sus propios modelos constitucionales. En algunas de estas últimas provincias el impacto de, primero, las Cortes y, luego, la Constitución de Cádiz, no fue tanto el de haber instaurado directamente nuevas instituciones de corte liberal sino, más bien, haber, posiblemente, servido de acelerador o incentivo, al menos indirecto, para la introducción de instituciones y prácticas políticas modernas alternativas a las de Cádiz y mucho más liberales. En últimas, la significación práctica de la Constitución de Cádiz es que modificó sustancialmente las términos de la negociación político-militar entre varios agentes históricos y, con ello, sus estrategias respectivas. En el proceso, contribuyó a erosionar en los ámbitos local, regional y global la hegemonía colonial.
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Regulation of Bank Financial Service Activities : Cases and Materials, 4th ed.
Lissa L. Broome and Jerry W. Markham
This book has been completely revised and updated to include a discussion of the financial crisis and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010. The statutory supplement has also been updated, includes Titles III, VI, and portions of Title X of Dodd-Frank, and the statutory provisions are cross-referenced to Dodd-Frank sections which amend them. The new edition of the book contains an extensive discussion of the financial crisis and the regulatory responses to it. Chapters also cover such hot topics as bank failures, derivatives, insurance, and international banking.
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O Direito Fracassado da América Latina
Jorge L. Esquirol
O tema da interpretação e direito é multidisciplinar não apenas porque pode ser analisado de diversas perspectivas, mas antes porque exige ser estudado de muitas perspectivas. Este livro reúne trabalhos que procuram explorar tais possibilidades e exigências. É um ponto de confluência de muitas agendas teóricas distintas, mas necessariamente complementares. A unidade dos trabalhos reunidos reside nas preocupações comuns sobre esse diagnóstico.
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Complementarity and Burden Allocation
Megan A. Fairlie and Joseph Powderly
Despite lying at the heart of the functionality of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Article 17 of the Rome Statute, which embodies the complementarity principle, fails to address a number of key issues surrounding the operation and interpretation of this pivotal regime. Specifically, the Statute neglects to delineate the standard of proof that must be met in order for the Court to find that a state is unwilling or unable to carry out an investigation or prosecution. What is more, there is scant guidance as to which party should bear the burden of proof in this regard. Further enlightenment on these issues is unlikely to be distilled from the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. These statutory gaps required Trial Chamber III to recently determine the issues of burden allocation and the requisite standard of proof in the Bemba case. However, it remains to be seen whether the Chamber's position ought to extend to the multitude of scenarios in which the Court may be called upon to rule on admissibility. Likewise, whether the Chamber's approach will be - or should be - endorsed by the ICC Appeals Chamber remains an open question. In considering these crucial operational elements of the regime, this chapter will look at burdens and standards of proof both generally and in spe- cific relation to complementarity, considering the potential scenarios that may arise in relation to state referrals, proprio motu investigations and, in particular, Security Council referrals. Rather than provide definitive answers regarding the questions of applicable burdens and standards of proof, this chapter aims to contribute to the dialogue on these issues, first and foremost by examining the emerging ICC jurisprudence, while also drawing upon the experience of other courts operating in the international and municipal realms, including the practice of the UN ad hoc tribunals.
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The Fugitive in Flight : Faith, Liberalism, and Law in a Classic TV Show
Stanley Fish
In the stark television drama The Fugitive, Dr. Richard Kimble, an innocent man convicted of murder, is on the run from the police and in pursuit of the real killer. The award-winning show, which aired on ABC from 1963 to 1967 and inspired a 1993 blockbuster movie, still has many devoted fans, none more passionate than literary and legal theorist and intellectual provocateur Stanley Fish. In the Fugitive in Flight, Fish examines the moral structure of the long-running series and explains why he thinks it may well be the greatest show ever aired on American network television. -- Analyzing key episodes, The Fugitive in Flight goes beyond plot summaries and behind-the-scenes stories. For Fish, the real action of The Fugitive takes place in confined spaces where the men and women Richard Kimble encounters are forced to choose what kind of person they will be for the rest of their lives. Kimble is the catalyst of such choices, but he himself never changes. Breaking free from the political and social problems of his time, he is always the bearer and exemplar of the very middle-class values informing the system that has misjudged him. Kimble is the perfect representative of a midtwentieth-century liberalism that above all values independence, personal integrity, and the refusal to surrender oneself to obsessions or causes. He is so consistently faithful to his liberal vision of life that he displays both its virtues and its dark side, the side that flees attachments, entanglements, responsibilities, and human connections. Stanley Fish's Richard Kimble is the ultimate man in the gray flannel suit, even when he is wearing a windbreaker and walking down a dark, lonely road.
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The Law of Life and Death
Elizabeth Price Foley
Are you alive? What makes you so sure? Most people believe this question has a clear answer--that some law defines our status as living (or not) for all purposes. But they are dead wrong. In this pioneering study, Elizabeth Price Foley examines the many, and surprisingly ambiguous, legal definitions of what counts as human life and death. Foley reveals that "not being dead" is not necessarily the same as being alive, in the eyes of the law. People, pre-viable fetuses, and post-viable fetuses have different sets of legal rights, which explains the law's seemingly inconsistent approach to stem cell research, in vitro fertilization, frozen embryos, in utero embryos, contraception, abortion, homicide, and wrongful death. In a detailed analysis that is sure to be controversial, Foley shows how the need for more organ transplants and the need to conserve health care resources are exerting steady pressure to expand the legal definition of death. As a result, death is being declared faster than ever before. The "right to die," Foley worries, may be morphing slowly into an obligation to die. Foley's balanced, accessible chapters explore the most contentious legal issues of our time--including cryogenics, feticide, abortion, physician-assisted suicide, brain death, vegetative and minimally conscious states, informed consent, and advance directives--across constitutional, contract, tort, property, and criminal law. Ultimately, she suggests, the inconsistencies and ambiguities in U.S. laws governing life and death may be culturally, and perhaps even psychologically, necessary for an enormous and diverse country like ours.
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All in the Family: The Influence of Social Networks on Dispute Processing (A Case Study of a Developing Economy)
Manuel A. Gomez
This law and society reader taps a rich and diverse literature to compare and contrast the legal experience of many different cultures and nations. Drawing on a variety of methodological approaches, the selections allow students to evaluate whether there are general patterns that explain how legal systems work (or fail to work) and how these patterns relate to the structural and cultural facts of society. Every country, of course, has its own legal system, and no two systems are the same. But in teaching law and society, texts have focused nearly exclusively on American readings to the neglect of comparative and international work. This reader fills an obvious gap. It recognizes that law is increasingly global and cross-national, and shows how law relates to society in different times and places, the world over.
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Greasing the Squeaky Wheel of Justice: Networks of Venezuelan Lawyers from the Pacted Democracy to The Bolivarian Revolution
Manuel A. Gomez
Latin American lawyers have been commonly portrayed as members of a privileged social group with important influence in many areas. Lawyers have been seen as power brokers, social entrepreneurs, and nation builders. Over time, they have been able to form a permanent and steady elite, which has shaped the ways in which the public and private sectors operate. As described in previous work (Gomez 2003, 2008), Venezuelan lawyers are not the exception. The social and political conditions under which the country developed allowed networks of lawyers to attain significant power, thus enabling them to manipulate the ways in which different parts of the political system functioned, including the courts. This chapter describes how the operation of the Venezuelan judiciary has been traditionally controlled by networks of lawyers, judges and other political actors who have attained significant power and influence, and how members of the business sector have greatly benefited from this. It also explains how social and political changes occurred in that country during the late 1990s which modified the power balance, thus shifting the position of its different actors, but enabling the same social network structures to remain in place.
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Latin America
Manuel A. Gomez
This book examines the approach to costs and funding of civil litigation from a comparative perspective. Its first part sets out the results of a major study that was carried out by two of the research Centres of the Faculty of Law of the University of Oxford, namely the Centre for Socio-Legal Studies and the Institute of European and Comparative Law, in 2009. The study is based on a number of reports that were prepared by scholars and practitioners from all over the world. Some of these national reports are reproduced in the second part of the book. The study was conducted against the background of, and designed to feed into, a recent fundamental review of civil litigation costs in England and Wales. This was initiated by the then Master of the Rolls, Sir Anthony Clarke, in 2008. He appointed Lord Justice Jackson to conduct an enquiry with a view to making recommendations in order to promote access to justice at proportionate cost. The massive Final Report of the Jackson Review was published in December 2009 (a summary is provided in Chapter 8 of this book). It drew on a wide variety of sources, inter alia the preliminary results of our study, which had been published on the Social Sciences Research Network (SSRN). The Jackson Review sets forth a large number of suggestions for wide-ranging reforms of the English costs rules, and their implementation is currently discussed. We hope that this book can help to inform these discussions. We are extremely grateful to all those who helped us in conducting the study and producing this book. First of all, warm thanks are due to the many academics and practitioners who, within very tight schedules, provided information, data and written contributions for the initial study in 2009 and for this book. They are listed at pages xiii to xviii, below. We are equally indebted to Mr Francis Denning for processing the figures on the case studies and creating the charts and to Mr James Reardon for copy editing. We are also much obliged to international law firm CMS EEIG. They provided generous funding of the Oxford conference in July 2009 at which the preliminary findings of this study were discussed. Finally, we are most grateful to Richard Hart and his team at Hart Publishing who have assisted with their usual expertise and unflappable flexibility, not least in producing this book within a very short time frame.
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Globalization : Debunking the Myths, 2d ed.
Lui Hebron and John F. Stack Jr.
Globalization demystifies the rhetoric surrounding one of the most hotly debated topics among scholars, commentators, and policymakers. Presenting arguments for and against globalization, this brief text examines a wide range of views on the economic, political, cultural, and environmental dimensions of globalization and exposes their underlying frameworks, methodologies, and expectations. Throughout, Globalization compares rhetoric and reality and argues that there is no one way to understand this complex phenomenon.
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A Financial History of the United States
Jerry W. Markham
[v. 1.] From Enron-era scandals to the subprime crisis (2004-2006, [v. 2.] From the subprime crisis to the Great Recession (2006-2009)
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Corporate Finance : Debt, Equity, and Derivative Markets and their Intermediaries, 3rd ed.
Jerry W. Markham, José Gabilondo, and Thomas Lee Hazen
This casebook introduces students to the major instruments issued by corporations for funding and risk-management, including money market instruments, bonds and notes, junior and senior equity, government securities, futures, options, swaps, and other financial derivatives. Moving beyond the issuance market and instrument design, the book situates these instruments in their trading markets, giving students a comprehensive understanding of financial markets. The selected cases and materials highlight financial history, market structure, accounting standards, and a lawyer's professional standards. Chapter objectives help students to track their progress. This edition has been updated to reflect recent financial reforms.
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Florida Wills, Trusts, and Estates: Cases and Materials, 2nd ed.
Elena Marty-Nelson, Eloisa C. Rodriguez-Dod, Gail Levin Richmond, and Donna Carol Litman
Florida Wills, Trusts, and Estates, Second Edition builds on the strengths of the first edition and provides extensive coverage of wills, trusts, and estates. Updated through July 2011, the second edition reflects extensive statutory, judicial, and scholarly developments since 2007. The chapters covering intestacy, reformation of wills, homestead, undue influence, and revocable trusts have been significantly revised to address legislative changes in Florida made in 2010 and 2011. In addition to its coverage of wills and trusts, this edition includes a chapter addressing the Florida Power of Attorney Act, enacted in July 2011, which is a complete revision of the laws governing both durable and nondurable powers of attorney and brings Florida in line with the Uniform Power of Attorney Act. Moreover, this edition includes an estate planning chapter that reflects changes made in 2010 to the Federal estate tax system. Despite widespread adoption of uniform codes, the rules governing wills and trusts continue to be state law driven. The authors’ philosophy is that students gain critical insights into complex issues in these areas by studying the laws of one jurisdiction as a whole and that Florida law is a perfect platform for this endeavor. Therefore, the second edition continues to be grounded in Florida law. Although Florida law is the focus, this edition includes discussions of the uniform codes and Restatements, particularly where they depart from Florida law. Thus, this book is an excellent choice for teaching wills, trusts, and estates in any jurisdiction. The book is invaluable for academicians, students, and practitioners, alike. The book includes an appendix with wills and trusts forms provided by Northern Trust Corporation and a comprehensive Teacher’s Manual.
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The Religious Challenge To International Relations Theory
John F. Stack, Jr.
In the wake of 9/11, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the War on Terror, and ethno-religious terrorism around the globe, religion has been pushed to the forefront of the world stage. Long before concern and hysteria zeroed in on Islam as a principal threat to the United States, it was apparent that religion, far from having disappeared, remained a powerful global force.¹ As Kiernan documents in his history of genocide, religion served as a potent catalyst for the mass slaughter of millions throughout the ages. Writing about the waning decades of the twentieth century and the first years of...
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The Assyrian Genocide: a Tale of Oblivion and Denial
Hannibal Travis
Unlike the Holocaust, Rwanda, Cambodia, or Armenia, scant attention has been paid to the human tragedies analyzed in this book. From German Southwest Africa (now Namibia), Burundi, and eastern Congo to Tasmania, Tibet, and Kurdistan, from the mass killings of the Roms by the Nazis to the extermination of the Assyrians in Ottoman Turkey, the mind reels when confronted with the inhuman acts that have been consigned to oblivion. Forgotten Genocides: Oblivion, Denial, and Memory gathers eight essays about genocidal conflicts that are unremembered and, as a consequence, understudied. The contributors, scholars in political science, anthropology, history, and other fields, seek to restore these mass killings to the place they deserve in the public consciousness. Remembrance of long forgotten crimes is not the volume's only purpose--equally significant are the rich quarry of empirical data offered in each chapter, the theoretical insights provided, and the comparative perspectives suggested for the analysis of genocidal phenomena. While each genocide is unique in its circumstances and motives, the essays in this volume explain that deliberate concealment and manipulation of the facts by the perpetrators are more often the rule than the exception, and that memory often tends to distort the past and blame the victims while exonerating the killers. Although the cases discussed here are but a sample of a litany going back to biblical times, Forgotten Genocides offers an important examination of the diversity of contexts out of which repeatedly emerge the same hideous realities.
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An Institutional Perspective on the Duke Lacrosse Case
Howard Wasserman
We can organize the Duke lacrosse story around our three major sociopolitico-legal institutions. Like the mortal characters on Simon’s show, the team members—particularly, most obviously, Seligmann, Finnerty, and Evans—were acted upon and nearly crushed by those institutional forces. That the outcome of the case ultimately was successful seems beside the point. All still endured hardships largely perpetrated by the institutions themselves. Each institution failed to perform its role properly in the case, at least initially. A larger question is how to reconcile the ultimately successful outcome with the notion of institutional failure. Did the institutions right themselves and self-correct, producing the proper outcome? Or did the case resolve itself appropriately in spite of those institutions? To understand the Duke lacrosse controversy is to study these institutions and to answer questions about the performance of each: to learn what each did right and wrong, to learn why, and to consider how each can improve in the future.
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The Election's Imagined Identities: The Ghettoization of Muslims in The Race for The White House
Cyra Akila Choudhury
This chapter critically appraises the treatment of Muslims as citizens, subjects and outsiders by various campaigns in the 2008 Presidential elections. It focuses particularly on the Obama campaign and shows how Obama failed to include Muslims as part of mainstream America thereby exacerbating their outsider status.
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Heterosexuality as a Prenatal Social Problem: Why Parents and Courts Have a Taste for Heterosexuality
Jose M. Gabilondo
This chapter proceeds in three parts. First, I describe the heterosexuality offspring preference, show how it is a corollary of much critical theory, and argue that it is the socially constructed symbolic value accorded to heterosexuality that drives much of the demand for it, prenatally and elsewhere. To show how law subsidizes heterosexual reproduction, I discuss some recent state court decisions that provide so-called price support for it, despite judicial findings that heterosexual reproduction often involves disordered thinking and poor planning. Obviously, a more critical rethinking of the microeconomics of the parent-child relationship is in order, not only to protect sexual minority children from parental underinvestment, but also, more generally, to understand the role of projective preferences of would-be parents on demands for children.
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Political Activism and the Practice of Law in Venezuela
Manuel A. Gomez
In spite of the traditional involvement of Venezuelan lawyers in the country's social, political and economic life (Perez-Perdomo 1981, 1990, 2006) and their historic role as nation builders, social entrepreneurs and power brokers (Gomez 2008, 2009), the practice of law in Venezuela was largely traditional until the early 1990s. Venezuelan lawyers generally used their legal expertise, tools and resources without commitments to an ideological or social cause (Sarat and Scheingold 2001), and did not rely on litigation as a form of "moral activism" (Sarat and Scheingold 1998). Cause lawyering emerged during the postdictatorship transition in other Latin American countries (Meili 2001: 307); in Venezuela, cause lawyering began to develop during a period of political and social instability and gained even more salience during a decade of radical change in Venezuela's social, political, a1;1d economic institutions. Specific events in Venezuela during the last twenty years define three different stages in the emergence and transformation of cause lawyering and human rights activism and in the growing involvement oflawyers in the country's political debate. Each of these three stages corresponds to important changes in the conception lawyers have about their role. Each stage also corresponds to changes in the image that other actors have about members of the legal profession and their role in society.
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First Amendment Law: Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion, 2nd ed.
Arthur D. Hellman, William D. Araiza, and Thomas E. Baker
This new casebook rests on a straightforward premise: The First Amendment can be viewed as history, as policy, and as theory, but from a lawyer's perspective, it is above all law--albeit a special kind of law. One thing that is special is that the governing texts have receded into the background. The law is the cases, and the cases are the law. Close analysis of precedent is therefore the principal tool of argumentation and adjudication. The purpose of this casebook is to help students to learn the law in a way that will enable them to use it in the service of clients.
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The International Criminal Court on Trial
Charles C. Jalloh
Navi Pillay is a modern icon in the world's efforts to protect humanity through international law and policy. She played a leading role in the multi-national operation to clean up the humanitarian dross left on the essence of modern civilization by the Rwandan Genocide of 1994. Her contributions in that effort were in virtue of her role as a judge--and, eventually, as the President--of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. From there, she went on to serve as one of the first appeal judges at the newly established International Criminal Court--another international endeavour aimed at protecting humanity through law. In time, she was fittingly appointed the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, just ahead of a call to honour her with a book of essays in international law and policy, for the contributions that she had already made in the international enterprise of protecting humanity. Inspired by Pillay, some of the modern legends and experts in international law and policy have, in this volume, shared their experiences and thoughts on how better to protect humanity in our time. In the book, we read the wise words of Nobel laureates and other envoys of peace, renowned international judges and famous scholars, as well as those of energetic younger minds with great promise. Some chapters are in French.
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Andrés Bello, Sucesiones, y el Código Civil Francés de 1804
Matthew C. Mirow
Este artículo examina el uso del Código Civil francés (el Code Napoléon) por Andrés Bello como fuente y modelo en la redacción de las reglas sobre suseciones en el Código Civil chileno. Aunque el Código Civil francés no está considerado como una fuente muy importante en el campo de sucesiones del código de Bello, tuvo una influencia de cierta manera. Este artículo toma posición en el sentido que en el área de sucesiones, Bello consideró el código francés y aceptó o rechazó el modelo en materia de sucesiones según el tipo de regla que él necesitaba. Por ejemplo, cuando Bello necesitó una regla que tenía que ver con la administración de la propiedad, examinó el código francés con más cuidado. Cuando necesitó una regla sobre los herederos de la propiedad, rechazó el modelo del código francés por modelos que vinieron del derecho colonial y español.
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La Contribución de Ignacio Vallarta al Constitucionalismo Mexicano: Algunos Aspectos Norteamericanos
Matthew C. Mirow
En esta contribución me gustaría enfocarme en el trabajo del gran jurista Ignacio Vallarta, no solamente como un destacado actor en la historia del derecho antes de la Revolución, sino también como alguien que ha definido los términos del debate sobre el constitucionalismo mexicano después de la Revolución. Como sabemos, Ignacio Luis Vallarta nació en Guadalajara en 1830 y murió en la ciudad de México en 1893. Fue licenciado en leyes por la Universidad de Guadalajara en 1854 y fue diputado en el Congreso Constituyente que discutió la Constitución Mexicana de 1857. Fue juez y gobernador del estado de Jalisco. En 1877 y 1878 fue ministro de Relaciones Exteriores con Porfirio Díaz. En este puesto fue decisivo en el reconocimiento de México por Estados Unidos y trabajó en mejorar las relaciones entre los dos países. Fue presidente de la Suprema Corte de Justicia entre 1878 y 1882. Conociendo estos datos, mi breve ponencia será sobre Vallarta y su herencia al mundo del constitucionalismo mexicano. Muchas veces pensamos más en los cambios que traen las revoluciones, y no tanto en la continuidad que existe antes y después de las revoluciones. En el campo del derecho existen continuidades que son evidentes e importantes en el desarrollo de los Estados y de las sociedades. La educación legal, el conservadurismo de los profesores y jueces, y la resistencia al cambio de los abogados impiden las transformaciones rápidas que las revoluciones contemplan. Por ejemplo, en las primeras décadas de Estados Unidos, Blackstone, autor inglés, fue una fuente imprescindible. En México después de la Independencia, las reglas y procedimientos españoles regían antes de que los códigos estatales y federales fueran adoptados. De la misma manera, el pensamiento constitucional de Vallarta sobrevivió a la Revolución y tuvo una influencia importante en el camino del constitucionalismo mexicano hasta hoy.
